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ThecustomsofHalloween
HalloweenisanobservancecelebratedonthenightofOctober31,mostnotablybychildrendressingincostumesandgoingdoor- to- doorcollectingcandy.ItiscelebratedinmuchoftheWesternworld,thoughmostcommonintheUnitedStates,PuertoRico,RepublicofIreland,theUnitedKingdom,Canada,andwithincreasingpopularityinAustraliaandNewZealand.HalloweenoriginatedinIrelandasthepaganCelticharvestfestival,Samhain.Irish,Scotsandotherimmigrant**roughtolderversionsofthetraditiontoNorthAmericainthe19thcentury.MostotherWesterncountrieshaveembracedHalloweenasapartofAmericanpopcultureinthelate20thcentury.
ThetermHalloween,anditsolderspellingHallowe‘en,isshortenedfromAll- hallow-even,asitistheeveningbefore“AllHallowsDay” (alsoknownas“AllSaints’Day”)。 InIreland,thenamewasAllHallowsEveandthisnameisstillusedbysomeolderpeople.HalloweenwasalsosometimescalledAllSaints‘Eve.TheholidaywasadayofreligiousfestivitiesinvariousnorthernEuropeanpagantraditions,untilitwasappropriatedbyChristianmissionariesandgivenaChristianinterpretation.InMexicoNovember1stand2ndarecelebratedasthe“DiadeLosMuertos”DayoftheDead.HalloweenisalsocalledPookyNightinsomepartsofIreland,presumablynamedafterthepúca,amischievousspirit.InAustraliaitissometimesreferredtoas“mischiefnight”,bylocals.
Halloweenissometimesassociatedwiththeoccult.ManyEuropeanculturaltraditionsholdthatHalloweenisoneoftheliminaltimesoftheyearwhenthespiritualworldcanmakecontactwiththephysicalworldandwhenmagici**ostpotent(e.g.Catalanmythologyaboutwitches)。
Halloweenisanannualcelebration,butjustwhatisitactuallyacelebrationof?Andhowdidthispeculiarcustomoriginate?Isit,assomeclaim,akindofdemonworship?Orisitjustaharmlessvestigeofsomeancientpaganritual?
Theworditself,“Halloween,”actuallyhasit***iginsintheCatholicChurch.ItcomesfromacontractedcorruptionofAllHallowsEve.November1,“AllHollowsDay” (or“AllSaintsDay”),isaCatholicdayofobservanceinhonorofsaints.But,inthe5thcenturyBC,inCelticIreland,summerofficiallyendedonOctober31.TheholidaywascalledSamhain(sow- en),theCelticNewyear.
Onestorysaysthat,onthatday,thedisembodiedspiritsofallthosewhohaddiedthroughouttheprecedingyearwouldcomebackinsearchoflivingbodiestopossessforthenextyear.Itwa**elievedtobetheironlyhopefortheafterlife.TheCelt**elievedalllawsofspaceandtimeweresuspendedduringthistime,allowingthespiritworldtointerminglewiththeliving.
Naturally,thestill- livingdidnotwanttobepossessed.SoonthenightofOctober31,villagerswouldextinguishthefiresintheirhomes,tomakethemcoldandundesirable.Theywouldthendressupinallmannerofghoulishcostumesandnoisilyparadedaroundtheneighborhood,beingasdestructiveaspossibleinordertofrightenawayspiritslookingforbodiestopossess.
ProbablyabetterexplanationofwhytheCeltsextinguishedtheirfireswasnottodiscouragespiritpossession,butsothatalltheCeltictribescouldrelighttheirfiresfromacommonsource,theDruidicfirethatwaskeptburningintheMiddleofIreland,atUsinach.
SomeaccountstellofhowtheCeltswouldburnsomeoneatthestakewhowasthoughttohavealreadybeenpossessed,as***tofalessontothespirits.OtheraccountsofCeltichistorydebunkthesestoriesa**yth.TheRomansadoptedtheCelticpracticesastheirown.ButinthefirstcenturyAD,SamhainwasassimilatedintocelebrationsofsomeoftheotherRomantraditionsthattookplaceinOctober,suchastheirdaytohonorPomona,theRomangoddessoffruitandtrees.ThesymbolofPomonaistheapple,whichmightexplaintheoriginofourmoderntraditionofbobbingforapplesonHalloween.
Thethrustofthepracticesalsochangedovertimetobecomemoreritualized.A**eliefinspiritpossessionwaned,thepracticeofdressinguplikehobgoblins,ghosts,andwitchestookonamoreceremonialrole.ThecustomofHalloweenwa**roughttoAmericainthe1840’**yIrishimmigrantsfleeingtheircountry‘spotatofamine.Atthattime,thefavoritepranksinNewEnglandincludedtippingoverouthousesandunhingingfencegates.
Thecustomoftrick-or-treatingisthoughttohaveoriginatednotwiththeIrishCelts,butwithaninth-centuryEuropeancusto